South Asian R1a in the 1000 Genomes Project (из блога Маугли):
- All individuals belong to R1a-Z93, which appears to totally dominate South Asian R1a-M17.
- A single Punjabi from Lahore, northeastern Pakistan, is ancestral for the Z94 mutation, which is just below Z93. All the other individuals are derived for Z94.
- Six individuals - of Punjabi, Bangladeshi and Gujarati origin - are ancestral for L657 and Z2124, the two main mutations immediately below Z94.
- All individuals of South Indian and Sri Lankan origin are derived for L657 or Z2124.
- Based on this sample, there appears to be no substructure along ethnic or geographic lines within South Asian R1a-M17 derived for L657 and Z2124.
Thus, it seems the SNP diversity of South Asian R1a-M17 is low, and decreases from Pakistan, North India and Bangladesh to South India and Sri Lanka. In comparison, there are only 12 European R1a individuals in the 1000 Genomes sample, and they represent all the major subclades of this haplogroup: R1a-Z283, R1a-Z93 and R1a-L664. Therefore, sampling bias can't be used as an argument for the more diverse result from Europe.
Итог: все азиаты - Z93, SNP-разнообразие ниже, чем в Европе (что противоречит выводам Андерхилла). Иначе говоря, относительно недавнее появление R1a в Южной Азии доказано, и версия о её индийской прародине отпадает.