Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe (2015) -
http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2015/02/10/013433.full-text.pdf+htmlhttp://dienekes.blogspot.ru/2015/02/a-story-of-69-ancient-europeans.htmlhttp://eurogenes.blogspot.ru/2015/02/massive-migration-from-steppe-is-source.htmlhttp://www.anthrogenica.com/showthread.php?3807-David-Reich-lecture-9-February-2015/page78http://www.eupedia.com/forum/threads/30878-Massive-migration-from-the-steppe-is-a-source-for-Indo-European-languages-in-EuropeСтранно - ни тебе ни I1 ни I2 у охотников-собирателей условных "карел" при том что у них наверняка будет повышенная компонента WHG
При чём эти два охотника R1a и R1b не принадлежали к самым распространенным ветвям M417 и M269
Откуда у ямников R1b1a2 ENF ? Может пока маленькая выборка 9 человек (7,500-2,700 BCE; n=9)
We determined that 34 of the 69 newly analyzed individuals were male and used 2,258 Y chromosome SNPs targets included in the capture to obtain high resolution Y chromosome haplogroup calls (SI4). Outside Russia, and before the Late Neolithic period, only a single R1b individual was found (early Neolithic Spain) in the combined literature (n=70).
By contrast, haplogroups R1a and R1b were found in 60% of Late Neolithic/Bronze Age Europeans outside Russia (n=10), and in 100% of the samples from European Russia from all periods (7,500-2,700 BCE; n=9). R1a and R1b are the most common haplogroups in many European populations today18,19, and our results suggest that they spread into Europe from the East after 3,000 BCE. Two hunter-gatherers from Russia included in our study belonged to R1a (Karelia) and R1b (Samara), the earliest documented ancient samples of either haplogroup discovered to date. These two hunter-gatherers did not belong to the derived lineages M417 within R1a and M269 within R1b that are predominant in Europeans today18,19, but all 7 Yamnaya males did belong to the M269 subclade18 of haplogroup R1b.
The two hunter-gatherers from Russia (Karelia in the northwest of the country and Samara on the steppe near the Urals) form an “eastern European
hunter-gatherer” (EHG) cluster at one end of a hunter-gatherer cline across Europe;
people of hunter-gatherer ancestry from Luxembourg, Spain, and Hungary sit at the opposite “western European hunter-gatherer4 ” (WHG) end,
while the hunter-gatherers from Sweden4,8 (SHG) are intermediate.
We can now add three new pieces to the puzzle of how ANE ancestry was transmitted to Europe: first the EHG, then the Yamnaya formed by mixture between EHG and a Near Eastern related population, and then the Corded Ware who were formed by a mixture of the Yamnaya with Middle Neolithic Europeans.
we had data from 94 ancient Europeans. Geographically, these came from Germany (n=41), Spain (n=10), Russia (n=14), Sweden (n=12), Hungary (n=15), Italy (n=1) and Luxembourg (n=1)
(Extended Data Table 2). Following the central European chronology, these included 19 hunter-gatherers (>5,500 BCE), 28 Early Neolithic farmers (EN: ~6,000-4,000 BCE), 11 Middle Neolithic farmers (MN: ~4,000-3,000 BCE) including the Tyrolean Iceman3 , 9 Late Copper/Early Bronze Age individuals (Yamnaya: ~3,300-2,700 BCE), 15 Late Neolithic 5 individuals (LN: ~2,500-2,200 BCE), 9 Early Bronze Age individuals (~2,200-1,500 BCE), two Late Bronze Age individuals (~1,200-1,100 BCE) and one Iron Age individual (~900 BCE).
By extending our model to a three way mixture of WHG, Early Neolithic and Yamnaya, we estimate that the ancestry of the Corded Ware was 79% Yamnaya-like, 4% WHG, and 17% Early Neolithic.
http://s019.radikal.ru/i600/1502/88/39ca0e72f836.png
http://s47.radikal.ru/i117/1502/1e/f0ab4c929dcf.png
http://s018.radikal.ru/i515/1502/90/2b7d4b333b91.png
Mtdna -
http://s017.radikal.ru/i415/1502/e9/0f09e93d0bdd.png
Ydna -
http://i003.radikal.ru/1502/5e/1ca5e57e05b9.png