Гаплогруппа Q в Китае

[Шад]

Multiple Human Population Movements and Cultural Dispersal Events Shaped the Landscape of Chinese Paternal Heritage
Wang et al, 2024

Abstract
Large-scale genomic projects and ancient DNA innovations have ushered in a new paradigm for exploring human evolutionary history. However, the genetic legacy of spatiotemporally diverse ancient Eurasians within Chinese paternal lineages remains unresolved. Here, we report an integrated Y-chromosome genomic database encompassing 15,563 individuals from both modern and ancient Eurasians, including 919 newly reported individuals, to investigate the Chinese paternal genomic diversity. The high-resolution, time-stamped phylogeny reveals multiple diversification events and extensive expansions in the early and middle Neolithic. We identify four major ancient population movements, each associated with technological innovations that have shaped the Chinese paternal landscape. First, the expansion of early East Asians and millet farmers from the Yellow River Basin predominantly carrying O2/D subclades significantly influenced the formation of the Sino-Tibetan people and facilitated the permanent settlement of the Tibetan Plateau. Second, the dispersal of rice farmers from the Yangtze River Valley carrying O1 and certain O2 sublineages reshapes the genetic makeup of southern Han Chinese, as well as the Tai-Kadai, Austronesian, Hmong-Mien, and Austroasiatic people. Third, the Neolithic Siberian Q/C paternal lineages originated and proliferated among hunter-gatherers on the Mongolian Plateau and the Amur River Basin, leaving a significant imprint on the gene pools of northern China. Fourth, the J/G/R paternal lineages derived from western Eurasia, which were initially spread by Yamnaya-related steppe pastoralists, maintain their presence primarily in northwestern China. Overall, our research provides comprehensive genetic evidence elucidating the significant impact of interactions with culturally distinct ancient Eurasians on the patterns of paternal diversity in modern Chinese populations.

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[AleksG]

The haplogroup Q-M242 appears in China at very low frequencies (<3%, supplementary table S5, Supplementary Material online) and displays varied distribution patterns between North and South China (Fig. 3c; supplementary table S5, Supplementary Material online). This lineage, which might have originated in Central Asia and southern Siberia approximately 31 kya (Fig. 1b), includes the Q1a1a-M120 subclade. This subclade, unique to East Asians, is relatively prevalent among Han Chinese individuals (∼81% of all Q lineages, supplementary table S5, Supplementary Material online) and likely underwent a local expansion in Northwest China between 5 and 3 kya (Sun et al. 2019). Furthermore, the Q1a1a1-F1626 subclade, a derivative of Q1a1a-M120, diversified approximately 4.3 kya (Fig. 1b). The ML phylogenetic topology indicated that ancient Mongolian individuals with minimal West Eurasian-related ancestry (<20%) belonged to Q1a1a or its sublineages (Figs. 2 and 3a). Venn diagrams illustrating shared ancestry-correlated lineages also show that the Q and R lineages are common among the Yamnaya and ANA-associated lineages (supplementary fig. S15, Supplementary Material online). Moreover, ancient individuals from the middle Neolithic (MN) Yangshao culture and approximately 3,000-year-old Hengbei residents from Shanxi, who carried the Q1a1a-M120 lineage, indicate that this haplogroup influenced the Han Chinese gene pool at least 6 kya. Q1b-M346, although rare in China, is concentrated at the intersection of Siberia and North China (supplementary fig. S17b and table S5, Supplementary Material online), with some Bronze Age (BA) and IA individuals from the Mongolian Plateau and Xinjiang regions genotyped for Q1b or its subclades (Figs. 2 and 3a).

[asan-kaygy]

Спасибо за ссылку

[Farroukh]

Действительно, Q-F1626 можно считать практически полностью ханьским, неравномерно распределённым по всей территории Китая, с инфильтрацией в Корею, Вьетнам и Сингапур. Его нисходящий Q-F1827* резко очутился в Азербайджане, вероятно с тюрко-монголами или китайскими торговцами.