The earliest evidence of wheeled vehicles in Europe and the Near East:
In the past, eminent archaeologists such as Childe (1951), Piggott (1979; 1983) and, more recently, Sherratt (1981; 1997) have argued for diffusion of wheeled vehicles from the Near East to Europe. In contrast, other archaeologists as e.g. Hausler (1992) and Vosteen (1996) stressed the local development of wheeled vehicles in Europe. The question of diffusion versus independent development is an old issue in archaeology. Judging by the archaeological data in the 1990s, it seems that wheeled vehicles developed more or less simultaneously or diffused very fast from Mesopotamia to Europe.
cal BC, cal BC, `median
site 1 sigma 2 sigma cal BC'
1 Uruk-Eanna IVa 3641-3381 3699-3365 3565
...
16 Bronocice II 3940-3545 3980-3380 3706
FIGURE 3 shows quite clearly that the earliest known wheeled vehicles appeared between 3500 and 3350 cal BC simultaneously in Uruk-Eanna IVa, Flintbek and Bronocice. `Simultaneously' is meant in terms of the fairly unprecise calibrated radiocarbon determinations
That wheeled vehicles were invented independently at about the same time in Europe and the Near East is improbable. Their complex construction, which remained in use for ages in relatively little changed form, and the comparable technological solutions in both areas suggest a connection
Короче говоря: самые древние колесницы обнаружены в Польше и Ираке и вследствие погрешности радиоуглеродного метода датируются примерно одной эпохой.
Маловероятно, что колесницы были изобретены независимо и примерно в то же время в Европе и на Ближнем Востоке. Сходство относительно сложной конструкции колесниц в обеих областях предполагает наличие связей между регионами.
Трудно однозначно указать направление заимствования. В Европе есть J1 и J2, но и довольно "удалённые" гаплотипы I2a встречаются и в Западной Азии. Не исключено, что они появились во времена колёсных миграций.