https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2205272119The diverse genetic origins of a Classical period Greek army
Laurie J. Reitsema, Alissa Mittnik, Britney Kyle, [46 authors], Iosif Lazaridis, Nick Patterson, Harald Ringbauer, David Caramelli, Ron Pinhasi, and David Reich
October 3, 2022
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2205272119Significance
By studying genome-wide data from 54 individuals from eighth- to fifth-century Sicily, we gain insights into the composition of Classical Greek armies (ca. fifth c. BCE) and the populace of a Greek colony. The presence of mercenaries in Greek armies fighting in the Mediterranean, as early as 480 BCE and with origins as far away as northern Europe and the Caucasus, is absent from historical texts and thus so far underappreciated in ancient classical scholarship. Our interdisciplinary study both underlines the value of integrating genetic studies to complement archaeological and historical research and highlights the importance of warfare in facilitating continental-scale human mobility, cultural contact, and cooperation in the Mediterranean of the Classical period.
Abstract
Trade and colonization caused an unprecedented increase in Mediterranean human mobility in the first millennium BCE. Often seen as a dividing force, warfare is in fact another catalyst of culture contact. We provide insight into the demographic dynamics of ancient warfare by reporting genome-wide data from fifth-century soldiers who fought for the army of the Greek Sicilian colony of Himera, along with representatives of the civilian population, nearby indigenous settlements, and 96 present-day individuals from Italy and Greece. Unlike the rest of the sample, many soldiers had ancestral origins in northern Europe, the Steppe, and the Caucasus. Integrating genetic, archaeological, isotopic, and historical data, these results illustrate the significant role mercenaries played in ancient Greek armies and highlight how participation in war contributed to continental-scale human mobility in the Classical world.
Значение
Изучая геномные данные 54 человек из Сицилии VIII-V веков, мы получаем представление о составе классических греческих армий (ок. V в. до н.э.) и населении греческой колонии. Присутствие наемников в греческих армиях, сражавшихся в Средиземноморье уже в 480 г. до н.э. и имевших происхождение так далеко, как Северная Европа и Кавказ, отсутствует в исторических текстах и поэтому до сих пор недооценено в древней классической науке. Наше междисциплинарное исследование подчеркивает ценность интеграции генетических исследований в дополнение к археологическим и историческим исследованиям и подчеркивает важность военных действий для обеспечения континентальной мобильности людей, культурных контактов и сотрудничества в Средиземноморье классического периода.
Аннотация
Торговля и колонизация вызвали беспрецедентный рост мобильности людей в Средиземноморье в первом тысячелетии до нашей эры. Война, часто рассматриваемая как разделяющая сила, на самом деле является еще одним катализатором культурных контактов. Мы даем представление о демографической динамике древних войн, представляя геномные данные солдат пятого века, воевавших за армию греческой сицилийской колонии Гимера, а также представителей гражданского населения, близлежащих коренных поселений и 96 современных жителей Италии и Греции. В отличие от остальной части выборки, многие солдаты имели предков из Северной Европы, Степи и Кавказа. Интегрируя генетические, археологические, изотопные и исторические данные, эти результаты иллюстрируют значительную роль, которую наемники играли в древнегреческих армиях, и подчеркивают, как участие в войне способствовало мобильности людей в континентальном масштабе в классическом мире.
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Locality Context Primary genetic affinity Sample Date Coverage Y haplogroup
Sicily, Polizzello Sicani Mediterranean I13383 -800 78,72% G-Y65* / G2a2b2a1a1c1a1a2
Sicily, Polizzello Sicani Mediterranean I13385 -800 78,46% G-Z3428* / G2a2b2a1a1c1a1a2
Sicily, Polizzello Sicani Mediterranean I13391 -800 76,25% G-Z1903* / G2a2b2a1a1c1a1(xG2a2b2a1a1c1a1a1)
Sicily, Polizzello Sicani Mediterranean I13394 -800 75,57% n/a (female)
Sicily, Polizzello Sicani Mediterranean I13376 -800 75,35% n/a (female)
Sicily, Polizzello Sicani Mediterranean I13381 -800 74,88% n/a (female)
Sicily, Polizzello Sicani Mediterranean I13392 -800 74,49% n/a (female)
Sicily, Polizzello Sicani Mediterranean I13377 -800 74,27% n/a (female)
Sicily, Polizzello Sicani Mediterranean I13386 -800 74,09% G-Z1903* / G2a2b2a1a1c1a1a2
Sicily, Polizzello Sicani Mediterranean I13378 -800 74,08% G-Z1903* / G2a2b2a1a1c1a1(xG2a2b2a1a1c1a1a1)
Sicily, Polizzello Sicani Mediterranean I13380 -800 73,47% n/a (female)
Sicily, Polizzello Sicani Mediterranean I13389 -800 72,72% G-Z3428* / G2a2b2a1a1c1a1a2
Sicily, Polizzello Sicani Mediterranean I13387 -800 71,01% n/a (female)
Sicily, Polizzello Sicani Mediterranean I13390 -800 70,71% n/a (female)
Sicily, Polizzello Sicani Mediterranean I13393 -800 67,87% n/a (female)
Sicily, Polizzello Sicani Mediterranean I13395 -800 63,88% n/a (female)
Sicily, Polizzello Sicani Mediterranean I13384 -800 57,09% n/a (female)
Sicily, Polizzello Sicani Mediterranean I13379 -800 43,30% n/a (female)
Sicily, Polizzello Sicani Mediterranean I13382 -800 36,20% G-Z3428* / G2a2b2a1a1c1a1a2
Sicily, Himera 409 BCE battle Mediterranean I7224 -655 73,57% T-S27463* / T1a2b
Sicily, Himera 480 BCE battle Northeastern Europe I10943 -640 59,11% R-Y35* / R1a1a1b1a2b
Sicily, Himera 409 BCE battle Mediterranean I7225 -628 72,80% R-L2* / R1b1a1b1a1a2b1(xR1b1a1b1a1a2b1a,R1b1a1b1a1a2b1b)
Sicily, Himera 409 BCE battle Mediterranean I7223 -628 72,77% J-FGC45722* / J2a1a1a2b2a(xJ2a1a1a2b2a1)
Sicily, Himera 480 BCE battle Mediterranean I7219 -628 71,87% G-PF3346* / G2a2b2a1a(xG2a2b2a1a1a1,G2a2b2a1a1a2a,G2a2b2a1a1a4 ,G2a2b2a1a1b,G2a2b2a1a1c)
Sicily, Himera 480 BCE battle Mediterranean I7218 -590 67,24% T-S27463* / T1a2b
Sicily, Himera 480 BCE battle Balkans and Central Europe I10950 -590 62,34% E-CTS6377* / E1b1b1a1b1a(xE1b1b1a1b1a1)
Sicily, Himera 480 BCE battle Mediterranean I10945 -590 62,33% J-Y151557* / J2a1a1a2b(xJ2a1a1a2b2)
Sicily, Himera 480 BCE battle Mediterranean I7217 -590 61,08% L-L595* / L2
Sicily, Himera 480 BCE battle Mediterranean I10948 -590 55,25% R-Y13200* / R1b1a1(xR1b1a1b)
Sicily, Himera 480 BCE battle Mediterranean I10952 -590 54,48% J-Z7706* / J2a1a1b3
Sicily, Himera 480 BCE battle Balkans and Central Europe I10946 -590 53,87% E-BY6357* / E1b1b1a1b1
Sicily, Himera 480 BCE battle Caucasus I10951 -590 53,42% R-FGC4547* / R1a1(xR1a1a1b1a2)
Sicily, Himera 480 BCE battle Caucasus I17872 -590 2,78% E-V13 / E1b1b1a1b1
Sicily, Himera 480 BCE battle Balkans/Western Europe I17870 -590 1,85% F / F
Sicily, Himera 480 BCE battle Eurasian Steppe I10944 -584 60,16% N* / N
Sicily, Himera 480 BCE battle Northeastern Europe I10949 -582 49,19% I-L233* / I2a1a(xI2a1a2)
Sicily, Himera 480 BCE battle Eurasian Steppe I10947 -576 61,94% R-Z2124* / R1a1a1(xR1a1a1b1a2a,R1a1a1b1a2b)
Sicily, Himera 480 BCE battle Mediterranean I7221 -570 74,47% G-Z42565* / G2a2a1a2(xG2a2a1a2a)
Sicily, Himera Civilian population Mediterranean I17432 -550 66,63% G-PF3346* / G2a2b2a1a
Sicily, Himera Civilian population Mediterranean I20168 -550 12,86% G-L13 / G2a2b2a1a1a1a
Sicily, Himera Civilian population Mediterranean I20166 -550 11,90% L* / L
Sicily, Himera Civilian population Mediterranean I20163 -550 9,50% R-M269* / R1b1a1b
Sicily, Himera Civilian population Mediterranean I20160 -550 3,87% F / F
Sicily, Himera Civilian population Mediterranean I20162 -550 3,47% R-M269* / R1b1a1b
Sicily, Himera Civilian population Mediterranean I20161 -550 1,55% n/a (female)
Sicily, Himera Civilian population Mediterranean I20167 -550 0,99% n/a (female)
Sicily, Baucina, Monte Falcone Sicani Mediterranean I13125 -500 6,52% G-Z1903* / G2a2b2a1a1c1a1(xG2a2b2a1a1c1a1a1)
Sicily, Baucina, Monte Falcone Sicani Mediterranean I13128 -500 5,99% R-FT40455* / R1b1a1b1a1a2(xR1b1a1b1a1a2c,R1b1a1b1a1a2f)
Sicily, Himera Civilian population Mediterranean I17878 -450 2,15% G-Z7016 / G2a2b2b1a1a2
Sicily, Himera Civilian population Mediterranean I17887 -450 1,84% n/a (female)
Sicily, Himera Civilian population Mediterranean I17881 -450 1,71% n/a (female)
Sicily, Himera Civilian population Mediterranean I17879 -450 1,55% n/a (female)
Sicily, Himera 409 BCE battle Mediterranean I17866 -409 64,93% J-Z35779 / J2a1a2b2a2b2~
Sicily, Himera 409 BCE battle Mediterranean I17884 -409 4,56% L-L595 / L2