Препринт:
The genetic origin of Daunians and the Pan-Mediterranean southern Italian Iron Age contexthttps://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.30.454498v1Abstract
The geographical location and shape of Apulia, a narrow land stretching out in the sea at the South of Italy, made this region a Mediterranean crossroads connecting Western Europe and the Balkans. Such movements culminated at the beginning of the Iron Age with the Iapygian civilization which consisted of three cultures: Peucetians, Messapians and Daunians. Among them, the Daunians left a peculiar cultural heritage, with one-of-a-kind stelae and pottery, but, despite the extensive archaeological literature, their origin has been lost to time. In order to shed light on this and to provide a genetic picture of Iron Age Southern Italy, we collected and sequenced human remains from three archaeological sites geographically located in Northern Apulia (the area historically inhabited by Daunians) and radiocarbon dated between 1157 and 275 calBCE. We find that Iron Age Apulian samples are still distant from the genetic variability of modern-day Apulians, they show a remarkable genetic heterogeneity, even though a few kilometers and centuries separate them, and they are well inserted into the Iron Age Pan-Mediterranean genetic landscape. Our study provides for the first time a window on the genetic make-up of pre-imperial Southern Italy, whose increasing connectivity within the Mediterranean landscape, would have contributed to laying the foundation for modern genetic variability. In this light, the genetic profile of Daunians may be compatible with an autochthonous origin, with plausible contributions from the Balkan peninsula.
Игреки:
ORD004 Ordona 2374 ± 21 BP; 490 - 394 calBCE 0.0429 U8b1b1 R1b-M269
ORD011 Ordona not dated 0.0889 H1e R1b-P312
ORD014 Ordona 2438 ± 25 BP; 570 - 408 calBCE 0.108 I5a2+16086C J2b2-L283
ORD019 Ordona not dated 0.0484 T2e I2dZ2093/Y3670
SAL001 Salapia 2946 ± 30 BP; 1235 - 1048 calBCE 0.049 H1+16189! J2b-M241
SAL010 Salapia not dated 0.031 U5a1 J2b-M241
SAL011 Salapia 2241 ± 23 BP; 313 - 206 calBCE 0.0496 U5b1 I2d-M223
SGR001 San Giovanni Rotondo
1285 ± 23 BP; 670 - 774 calCE 0.044 U3a I1-M253
SGR002 San Giovanni Rotondo 2451 ± 22 BP; 591 - 415 calBCE 0.102 U5b1d1 R1b-M269
The radiocarbon dates confirm the archaeological dates of individuals from Salapia and Ordona as well as the Iron Age affiliation of the two San Giovanni Rotondo samples (SGR002 and SGR003).
Two additional samples (ORD010 and SGR001) with a shift towards the Near East in the PCA were radiocarbon dated to 1078 - 1156 calCE (95.4%) and 670 - 774 calCE (95.4%) respectively.
Among the many groups occupying Italy in the Iron Age, the Daunians, a Iapygian population from northern Apulia, were first mentioned in the 7th-6th century BCE. Similarly to their neighbouring populations, Peucetians and Messapians (living in central and southern Apulia, respectively), the name of the Daunians comes from ancient Greek documents and, given the absence of written Daunian records, the scant information we have on their social, political and religious life are wholly reliant upon the material record, such as their one-of-a-kind stelae. For instance, we know that they were mainly farmers, animal breeders, horsemen and maritime traders with an established trade network extending across the sea with Illyrian tribes.
A fascinating aspect of this population, as opposed to their neighbours in Apulia, was their tenacious resistance to external influences. For instance, they did not acquire either social or cultural Hellenic elements and no Greek alphabet inscriptions have been found in their settlements. Indeed, they retained a strong cultural identity and political autonomy until the Roman arrival in the late 4th - early 3rd century BCE.Within the described Pan Mediterranean landscape,
the IAA/Daunians show a compelling heterogeneity, and the highest genetic affinity to Republican Romans and Iron Age Croatians, while Minoans and other Iron Age Greek samples show absent or reduced WHG contribution when compared to IAA.
This makes a Cretan or Arkadian origin less likely, even though some tales have connected them with the Greek hero Diomedes and many ancient historians have claimed such origins for their neighbour Messapians and Peucetians.
https://anthrogenica.com/showthread.php?24390-The-genetic-origin-of-Daunians-and-the-Pan-Mediterranean-southern-Italian-Iron-Age