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We identified, for the first time in ancient populations, the rare mitochondrial haplogroup X4 in two Bronze Age Catacomb culture-associated individuals. .... Other Bronze Age individuals from the western Pontic region belonged to hg X4 (two individuals associated with Catacomb culture) ... Among the analyzed samples, we identified two Catacomb culture-associated individuals (poz220 and poz221) belonging to hg X4. They are the first ancient individuals assigned to this particular lineage. Haplogroup X4 is rare among present day populations and has been found only in one individual each from Central Europe, Balkans, Anatolia and Armenia56,57.
X2d, X2e, X2n and X4 are all found in central Europe, around the Caucasus and in Central Asia, and could therefore have been spread at least partially by the Proto-Indo-European speakers during the Bronze Age.