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Viking Migrations
Our fine-scale ancestry analyses of genomic data are consistent with patterns documented by historians and archaeologists (Figs. 3, 4,
Supplementary Fig. 11.12): eastward movements mainly involved Swedish-like ancestry, whereas individuals with Norwegian-like ancestry travelled to Iceland, Greenland, Ireland and the Isle of Man.
The first settlement in Iceland and Greenland also included individuals with North-Atlantic-like ancestry.
A Danish-like ancestry is seen in present-day England, in accordance with historical records, place names, surnames and modern genetics, but Viking Age Danish-like ancestry in the British Isles cannot be distinguished from that of the Angles and Saxons, who migrated in the fifth to sixth centuries ad from Jutland and northern Germany.
Viking Age execution sites in Dorset and Oxford (England) contain North-Atlantic-like ancestry, as well as Danish-like and Norwegian-like ancestries. If these sites represent Viking raiding parties that were defeated and captured, then these raids were composed of individuals of different origins.
This pattern is also suggested by isotopic data from a warrior cemetery in Trelleborg (Denmark). Similarly, the presence of Danish-like ancestry in an ancient sample from Gnezdovo in present-day Russia indicates that eastern migrations were not entirely composed of Viking individuals from Sweden.
Our results show that ‘Viking’ identity was not limited to individuаls of Scandinavian genetic ancestry. Two individuals from Orkney who were buried in Scandinavian fashion are genetically similar to present-day Irish and Scottish populations, and are probably the first Pictish genomes published.
На Восток в основном ходили шведоподобные, на Запад норвежцы, датчане в Англии слились с предыдущим переселением и неотличимы, в Дорсете и Оксфорде убитые отряды сборной солянки западного образца. Тем не менее в Гнездово попались датчане, значит и туда сборные доходили. В Оркни похоронены по викинговому образцу однако сами местные - наверно это первые обнаруженные геномы пиктов.