Inland post-glacial dispersal in East Asia revealed by mitochondrial haplogroup

[sahaliyan]

Background
Archaeological studies have revealed a series of cultural changes around the Last Glacial Maximum in East Asia; whether these changes left any signatures in the gene pool of East Asians remains poorly indicated. To achieve deeper insights into the demographic history of modern humans in East Asia around the Last Glacial Maximum, we extensively analyzed mitochondrial DNA haplogroup M9a'b, a specific haplogroup that was suggested to have some potential for tracing the migration around the Last Glacial Maximum in East Eurasia.

Results
A total of 837 M9a'b mitochondrial DNAs (583 from the literature, while the remaining 254 were newly collected in this study) pinpointed from over 28,000 subjects residing across East Eurasia were studied here. Fifty-nine representative samples were further selected for total mitochondrial DNA sequencing so we could better understand the phylogeny within M9a'b. Based on the updated phylogeny, an extensive phylogeographic analysis was carried out to reveal the differentiation of haplogroup M9a'b and to reconstruct the dispersal histories.

Conclusions
Our results indicated that southern China and/or Southeast Asia likely served as the source of some post-Last Glacial Maximum dispersal(s). The detailed dissection of haplogroup M9a'b revealed the existence of an inland dispersal in mainland East Asia during the post-glacial period. It was this dispersal that expanded not only to western China but also to northeast India and the south Himalaya region. A similar phylogeographic distribution pattern was also observed for haplogroup F1c, thus substantiating our proposition. This inland post-glacial dispersal was in agreement with the spread of the Mesolithic culture originating in South China and northern Vietnam.
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/9/2

[sahaliyan]

Region, Population/Country Un-Classified M9a'b
South Himalaya 
Himachal                                   1
Nepal 
Sikkim 
Northeast India 
Arunachal                                  2
Assam 
West Bengal 
Bangladesh                                1
Meghalaya 
Nagaland 
Tripura                                      3
South Asia 
New Delhi 
Uttar 
Kerala 
Gujarat 
Karnataka 
Kashmir 
Andhra 
Madhya 
Maharashtra 
Punjab 
Rajastan 
Tamil Nadu 
Sri Lanka 
Central Asia 
Pakistan 
Kyrgyzstan 
Uzbekistan                             1
Tajikstan 
Kazakhstan                             2
North Asia 
Mongolia                                 2
Altai Republic                           1
Buryat Republic 
Tuva Republic 
Kemerovo region 
Khakassia Republic 
Southeast Asia 
Myanmar North 
Myanmar Centre 
Myanmar South 
Thailand 
Laos 
Vietnam North 
Vietnam Centre 
Vietnam South 
Cambodia 
Northeast Asia 
Japan                                     23
South Korea                            10
Sakhalin 
Northern China 
Inner Mongolia North-East 
Heilongjiang                              1
Jilin 
Liaoning 
Beijing 
Inner Mongolia Centre-East 
Inner Mongolia Centre                 1
Inner Mongolia West 
Henan 
Shandong 
Shaanxi                                    1
Northwestern China 
Gansu                                       4
Qinghai                                      5
Ningxia 
Xinjiang                                      1
Southern China 
Hubei 
Hunan [a]                                   1
Guangdong                                  1
Guangxi                                       1
Hainan 
Anhui 
Fujian 
Jiangsu                                       1
Jiangxi 
Zhejiang                                      1
Shanghai 
Taiwan 
Hong Kong 
Southwestern China 
Guizhou 
Sichuan                                       1
Yunnan Centre 2
Yunnan West-North 
Yunnan West-South 
Yunnan East-North 
Yunnan East-South 
Tibet 
Lhasa 
Chamdo 
Shannan 
Shigatse 
Ngari 
Nagqu 
Nyingchi ?

[sahaliyan]

Un-Classified M9a'b is rare in Southeast Asia and southwest China,high in northeast asia and northwest China,so I don't get the idea M9a'b origined in southeast asia,my idea is the LGM pushed the population to south,but still northern China is more likely a good refuge homeland,we shouldn't look for a more southern homeland