Вместе со снижением Q1a фиксируется рост западно евразийских ген J, R в Тюркский период, в то время, как рост восточно азиатских фиксируется в эпоху Киданей и Монгол.
As shown in Fig. 4b, we observe a clear signal of male-biased WSH admixture among the EIA Uyuk and during the Türkic period (i.e., more positive Z scores), which also corresponds to the decline in the Y chromosome lineage Q1a and the concomitant rise of the western Eurasian lineages such as R and J (Fig. S3). During the later Khitan and Mongol empires, sex-bias Z scores shift to indicate a prominant male bias for East Asian-related ancestry (Fig. S6), which can also be seen from the rise in frequency of Y-chromosomal lineage O2a (Fig. S3). The Xiongnu period exhibits the most complex pattern of male-biased admixture, whereby different genetic subsets of the population exhibit evidence of different sources of male-biased admixture (Fig. S6). We also detect ten genetic relative pairs among the Xiongnu individuals in this study, including a father-daughter pair buried in the same grave (JAG001 and JAA001) at Jargalantyn Am, as well as a mother-son pair (IMA002 and IMA005) at Il'movaya Pad, a brother-sister pair (TMI001 and BUR003) at Tamiryn Ulaan Khoshuu, and a brother-brother pair (SKT002 and SKT006) at Salkhityn Am (Table S7). Of the remaining six pairs, three are female-female relative pairs buried within the same site, suggesting the presence of extended female kinship within Xiongnu groups. These relationships, when combined with mortuary features, offer the first clues to local lineage and kinship structures within the Xiongnu empire, which are otherwise poorly understood.