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http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2018/05/08/science.aar7711

The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia

    Peter de Barros Damgaard1,*, Rui Martiniano2,3,*, Jack Kamm2,*, J. Víctor Moreno-Mayar1,*, Guus Kroonen4,5, Michaël Peyrot5, Gojko Barjamovic6, Simon Rasmussen7, Claus Zacho1, Nurbol Baimukhanov8, Victor Zaibert9, Victor Merz10, Arjun Biddanda11, Ilja Merz10, Valeriy Loman12, Valeriy Evdokimov12, Emma Usmanova12, Brian Hemphill13, Andaine Seguin-Orlando1, Fulya Eylem Yediay14, Inam Ullah1,15, Karl-Göran Sjögren16, Katrine Højholt Iversen7, Jeremy Choin1, Constanza de la Fuente1, Melissa Ilardo1, Hannes Schroeder1, Vyacheslav Moiseyev17, Andrey Gromov17, Andrei Polyakov18, Sachihiro Omura19, Süleyman Yücel Senyurt20, Habib Ahmad15,21, Catriona McKenzie22, Ashot Margaryan1, Abdul Hameed23, Abdul Samad24, Nazish Gul15, Muhammad Hassan Khokhar25, O. I. Goriunova26,27, Vladimir I. Bazaliiskii27, John Novembre10,28, Andrzej W. Weber29, Ludovic Orlando1,30, Morten E. Allentoft1, Rasmus Nielsen31, Kristian Kristiansen16, Martin Sikora1, Alan K. Outram22, Richard Durbin2,3,†, Eske Willerslev1,2,32,†

Abstract

The Yamnaya expansions from the western steppe into Europe and Asia during the Early Bronze Age (~3000 BCE) are believed to have brought with them Indo-European languages and possibly horse husbandry. We analyze 74 ancient whole-genome sequences from across Inner Asia and Anatolia and show that the Botai people associated with the earliest horse husbandry derived from a hunter-gatherer population deeply diverged from the Yamnaya. Our results also suggest distinct migrations bringing West Eurasian ancestry into South Asia before and after but not at the time of Yamnaya culture. We find no evidence of steppe ancestry in Bronze Age Anatolia from when Indo-European languages are attested there. Thus, in contrast to Europe, Early Bronze Age Yamnaya-related migrations had limited direct genetic impact in Asia.

Считается, что ямная экспансия из Западной степи в Европу и Азию в раннем бронзовом веке(~3000 лет до н. э.) принесла с собой индоевропейские языки и, возможно, коневодство. Мы анализируем 74 древние последовательности целого генома со всей Внутренней Азии и Анатолии и показываем, что Ботайцы, связанные с самым ранним коневодством, происходят из популяции охотников-собирателей, разошедшейся глубоко в древности с предками представителей ямной культуры. Наши результаты также свидетельствуют о различных миграциях, приносящих западноевропейский генетический компонент в Южную Азию до и после, но не во времена Ямной культуры. Мы не находим никаких свидетельств степного генетического компонента в Анатолии бронзового века, когда там засвидетельствованы Индоевропейские языки. Таким образом, в отличие от Европы, Ямная миграция раннего бронзового века имела ограниченный прямой генетический эффект в Азии.
« Последнее редактирование: 09 Май 2018, 22:25:36 от rozenblatt »

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Y-ДНК:

Population SampleID ObservedSN Representat Lineage
Botai_CA BOT15 N-M231 N-M231 N
Botai_CA BOT14 R-M478 R-M478 R1b1a1
Kurma_EBA DA354 Q-M1083 Q-L472 Q1a
Lokomotiv_EN DA357 C-F4015 C-F4015 C2b1a1
Lokomotiv_EN DA359 N-M2087.1 N-M2087.1 N1c
Okunevo_EMBA RISE673 Q-M1100 Q-L472 Q1a
Okunevo_EMBA RISE683 Q-L712 Q-L712 Q1a1b1
Okunevo_EMBA RISE672 Q-M346 Q-M346 Q1a2
Okunevo_EMBA RISE674 Q-M346 Q-M346 Q1a2
Okunevo_EMBA RISE662 Q-L54 Q-L54 Q1a2a1
Okunevo_EMBA RISE664 Q-L330 Q-L330 Q1a2a1c
Okunevo_EMBA RISE718 Q-L330 Q-L330 Q1a2a1c
Okunevo_EMBA RISE719 Q-L334 Q-L330 Q1a2a1c
Okunevo_EMBA RISE670 Q-L940 Q-L940 Q1a2b
Okunevo_EMBA RISE675 R-Z2105 R-Z2015 R1b1a2a2
Shamanka_EBA DA334 Q-L55 Q-L53 Q1a2a
Shamanka_EBA DA335 Q-L53 Q-L53 Q1a2a
Shamanka_EBA DA336 Q-L53 Q-L53 Q1a2a
Shamanka_EBA DA337 Q-L475 Q-L53 Q1a2a
Shamanka_EBA DA338 Q-L53 Q-L53 Q1a2a
Shamanka_EBA DA339 Q-L334 Q-L330 Q1a2a1c
Shamanka_EN DA247 N-M231 N-M231 N
Shamanka_EN DA251 N-M2291 N-M2291 N1
Shamanka_EN DA245 N-L666 N-L666 N1c2
Shamanka_EN DA248 N-L666 N-L666 N1c2
Shamanka_EN DA362 N-L666 N-L666 N1c2
Shamanka_EN DA250 NO-M214 NO-M214 NO1
UstIda_EBA DA361 Q-M346 Q-M346 Q1a2
UstIda_EBA DA353 Q-L476 Q-L53 Q1a2a
UstIda_EBA DA356 Q-L213 Q-L53 Q1a2a
UstIda_EBA DA343 Q-L54 Q-L54 Q1a2a1
UstIda_LN DA345 N-M2080 N-M46 N1c1
UstIda_LN DA355 Q-L892 Q-M346 Q1a2
Yamnaya YamnayaKaragash_EMBA R-CTS1843 R-CTS1843 R1b1a2a2c1
Turkmenistan_IA DA382 R-F992 R-F992 R1a1a1b2
Namazga_CA DA379 J-L134 J-M304 J
Namazga_CA DA381 J-L26 J-L26 J2a1
Anatolia_EBA MA2212 J-L559 J-M410 J2a
Anatolia_MLBA MA2200 J-L26 J-L26 J2a1
Anatolia_MLBA MA2205 J-L27 J-L26 J2a1
Anatolia_MLBA MA2208 G-M3317 G-M406 G2a2b1

Оффлайн Eugene

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Ботаец был N  :D
Я всегда знал что первые хоть оленеводы, хоть коневоды это N ))

P.S. А что за культуры Lokomotiv_EN? Shamanka_EN? Ustida_LN?

А вообще результат хороший. Даже NO найден...

Оффлайн rozenblattАвтор темы

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Ботаец был N  :D
Я всегда знал что первые хоть оленеводы, хоть коневоды это N ))

P.S. А что за культуры Lokomotiv_EN? Shamanka_EN? Ustida_LN?

А вообще результат хороший. Даже NO найден...

Это неолит Прибайкалья: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315643736_The_Moty_-_Novaya_Shamanka_Early_Neolithic_Cemetery_in_the_Irkut_River_Valley

Оффлайн Srkz

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DAобразцы из этой статьи пересекаются с 137DA?
Нет, похоже

Оффлайн Arsen

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Цитировать
Namazga_CA   DA379   J-L134   J-M304   J
Namazga_CA   DA381   J-L26   J-L26   J2a1

Мне вот это нравится. ))

Еще бы сопоставить с тюркскими J2..

Оффлайн Eugene

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Кстати по этому исследованию еще условная граница Азии генетически вроде как вырисовывается - Анатолия J, а все остальные N,Q,R. Или хотя может просто мало образцов... хотя их аутосомы с мито возможно больше ясности бы внесли.

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Мы не находим никаких свидетельств степного генетического компонента в Анатолии бронзового века, когда там засвидетельствованы Индоевропейские языки.
Тоже довольно емкий факт. Меня он в общем-то не удивляет - я всегда пишу, что языки и генетика это разные плоскости.

Оффлайн rozenblattАвтор темы

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один G2a оказался хеттом. Нема степнящины  в бронзе Анатолии в период расцвета тамошних ИЕ. В то время в каждой из групп степняков будь то ямники или андроновцы в наличие "кавказско-анатолийские" примеси. Похоже конец истории с  поиском прародины ИЕ в степях причерноморья 
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2018/05/08/science.aar7711.DC1/aar7711_de_Barros_Damgaard_SM.pdf

Не на слухи надо полагаться, а читать дополнительные материалы: тут только один образец с G2a:
Anatolia_MLBA   MA2208   G-M3317   G-M406   G2a2b1

Смотрим в дополнительные материалы про этого товарища:

The Middle Bronze Age at Kaman-Kalehöyük represented by stratum IIIc yields material remains (seals and ceramics) contemporary with the international trade system managed by expatriate Assyrian merchants evidenced at the nearby site of Kültepe/Kanesh. It is therefore also referred to as belonging to the “Assyrian Colony Period” (98). The stratum has revealed three burned architectural units, and it has been suggested that the seemingly site-wide conflagration might be connected to a destruction event linked with the emergence of the Old Hittite state (99). The first burned architectural unit includes Rooms 148, 150, 298, 305, and 306. The second includes Room 153 and 208. The two units were excavated between 1994 and 2003. The third unit includes Room 367 and 370 and was excavated in 2004. Omura (100) suggests that the rooms could belong to a public building, and that it might even be a small trade center based on the types of artifacts recovered. Omura (100) has concluded that the evidence from the first complex indicates a battle between 2 groups took place at the site. It is possible that a group died inside the buildings, mostly perishing in the fire, while another group died in the courtyard.

MA2208-09 (FEY12): 940826, S2 (skeleton 2), North, Sector I, Grid XLV-54 (GG), Assyrian IIIc. The sample comes from the same location as MA2206 above. There were 2 additional skeletons (S3 and S4) found here for a total of 4 individuals. They are thought to represent an opposing group fighting the individuals in Room 153. The skeletons fell on top of one other. They were not damaged by the fire.

Из описания не следует что это был хетт. С такой же вероятностью это мог быть ассирийский торговец.


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Из-за отсутствия свиней Гамкрелидзе и Иванов предполагают маловероятным что Ботайцы были индо-европейцами. Тем не менее прямо целиком они такую возможность не отрицают. Но само слова "коня" они вроде как к Ботайцам первоаначльно относят и у других - в качестве заимствования. Самих ботайцев они предположительно он енисейцев выводят.
ИМХО и ботайцы запросто могли быть индоевропейцаим. Но хетты - как несомненные первые ИЕ зафиксированные письменно нуждаются и в хорошей представленности по дДНК во всех видах: и по Y и по мито и несомненно по аутосомам.

Оффлайн Eugene

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J2a1 и G2a по слухам хетты. Нема степнящины  в бронзе Анатолии в период расцвета тамошних ИЕ.
Хетты наиболее интересны по дДНК в плане ранних ИЕ, но они вроде как тоже пришли уже с Балкан, а значит не факт что они потомки именно ПИЕ. Как в общем не факт что и ПИЕ есть генетические потомки прото-ПИЕ... в общем на самом деле без письменности всей равно глубже не взглянуть. Но дДНК сами по себе в любом случае важны и информативны.

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Отсутствие письменности для археологической культуры - на мой взгляд как отсутсвие документов в генеалогии. Если нет метрической записи или ревизии или другого письменного источника и т.д., то ничего про предка ведь не узнать (имя, род деятельности и т.д.)... остаются одни предположения.

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Решил я посмотреть что пишут про анатолийские образцы:

S1.5 Anatolian materials

Kristian Kristiansen, Sachihiro Omura, Süleyman Yücel Senyurt, Fulya Eylem Yediay, Gojko Barjamovic

In this section we provide a compact overview of the skeletal material sampled for sequencing in the present work. For a more comprehensive summary of the main cultural phases of the Caucasus and Anatolia regions from 4000–1500 BCE, see reference (48).

S1.5.1 Kaman-Kalehöyük excavations (Kaman, Kırşehir, Turkey)

*Director: Dr. Sachihiro Omura, Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology, Çağırkan, Kaman, Kırşehir, Turkey

The archaeological site of Kaman-Kalehöyük is situated in the Kızılırmak river basin in Central Anatolia. The main mound measures 280 m in diameter and is 16 m high.

The stratigraphy of the site can be divided into four major sections and several substrata:

1)Stratum I Ottoman/Islamic and Byzantine periods (1400–1600 CE)
Stratum Ia 1–3: Ottoman Period
Stratum Ib 4–5: Byzantine Period

2)Stratum II Iron Age and Hellenistic periods (1200–30 BCE)
Stratum IIa 1–2: Hellenistic Period
Stratum IIa 3–5: Late Iron Age
Stratum IIa 6–11: Middle Iron Age
Stratum IIc 2–3: Middle Iron Age
Stratum IId 1–3: Early Iron Age

3)Stratum III Middle and Late Bronze Age (2000–1200 BCE)
Stratum IIIa: Late Bronze Age (“Hittite Empire period”) (~1500–1200 BCE)
Stratum IIIb: Middle to Late Bronze Age (“Old Hittite period”) (~1750–1500 BCE)
Stratum IIIc: Middle Bronze Age (“Assyrian Colony period”) (~2000–1750 BCE)

4)Stratum IV Early Bronze Age (2300–2000 BCE)
Stratum IVa 1–4: Intermediate Period
Stratum IVb 5–6: Early Bronze Age(~2000–2300 BCE)

Context Stratum Ia (Ottoman Samples)

MA2195 (FEY1): HS 12-01, 12 07 24, South, Sector L Female, 35–45, Ottoman Ia

MA2196 (FEY2): HS 08-07, 08 07 17, North, Sector XXXV, Grid XLIX-48 (99), Provisional Layer 3 Juvenile, 7–8, Ottoman Ia

Context Stratum IIa1–2 (Hellenistic Period Samples)

The Iron Age levels at Kaman-Kalehöyük—including the Hellenistic period—can be divided into 4 architectural substrata from IIa (youngest) to IId (oldest). Substratum IIa can be divided into 5 chronological units based on ceramics. From youngest to oldest these are IIa1–2, IIa3–5, IIab–IIc1, IIc2–3, and IId1–3. In unit IIa1–2 (Hellenistic Period) both human and animal skeletons were found in pits. These fall into 3 different burial types: some containing only animal skeletons, others containing only human skeletons, and some with mixed human and animal skeletons.

Pit P1156 in the North Sector XV: a human skeleton was buried in a flexed position. Human and animal bones were apparently deposited together deliberately. Such burial features appear only in stratum IIa1–2 and may be correlated with a population change as well as possibly linked to incoming Galatians like at Gordion.

One of the pits P1056 in sector XV also belongs to the Hellenistic Period.

MA2197 (FEY3): P1056 94 07 11 North, Sector XV, Grid XXXVI-52 (5) Provisional Layer 10, Hellenistic period. A skeleton of a juvenile aged 5–6 years came from P1056 was found alongside a small pig and four half-complete ceramic vessels.

MA2198 (FEY4): P1156 94 09 08, North, Sector XXVII, Grid XLVI-52 (67) B+C (Female C), Hellenistic Period, stratum IIa1–2

Context Stratum IIIb (“Old Hittite Period” Samples)

Based on findings, such as pottery and seals, stratum IIIb can be dated to the late part of the 2nd millennium BCE contemporary with the emergence of the Hittite state (1990 excavation reports).

MA2200-01 (FEY6): HS 89-01, 89 08 17, Sector III, Grid XLI-54 (C), Provisional Layer 48 – IIIb – Old Hittite Period. A partial skeleton was found in the west of section C together with an adult skeleton. Only the upper part of the first skeleton (skull, arms) was preserved (Kaman-Kalehöyük Field Notes 1994).

MA2203-04 (FEY8): 535 950810, North, Sector VI, Grid XXXIV-54 (M), Provisional Layer 61, Old Hittite Period. Skeleton HS95-35 belonging to a juvenile was found after removing room R141 on top. This layer is next to room 161, which is contemporary with stratum IIIb.

Context Stratum IIIc (“Assyrian Colony Period” Samples)

The Middle Bronze Age at Kaman-Kalehöyük represented by stratum IIIc yields material remains (seals and ceramics) contemporary with the international trade system managed by expatriate Assyrian merchants evidenced at the nearby site of Kültepe/Kanesh. It is therefore also referred to as belonging to the “Assyrian Colony Period” (98). The stratum has revealed three burned architectural units, and it has been suggested that the seemingly site-wide conflagration might be connected to a destruction event linked with the emergence of the Old Hittite state (99). The first burned architectural unit includes Rooms 148, 150, 298, 305, and 306. The second includes Room 153 and 208. The two units were excavated between 1994 and 2003. The third unit includes Room 367 and 370 and was excavated in 2004. Omura (100) suggests that the rooms could belong to a public building, and that it might even be a small trade center based on the types of artifacts recovered. Omura (100) has concluded that the evidence from the first complex indicates a battle between 2 groups took place at the site. It is possible that a group died inside the buildings, mostly perishing in the fire, while another group died in the courtyard.

MA2205 (FEY9): HS 11-1, 110705, North, Sector VIII, Grid XXX-55 (WW), Provisional Layer 75, Assyrian IIIc. Skeleton HS 11-01 was found in Sector (opening) VIII under a floor between Pit 1913 and Pit 3117 near pit 3117. It is thought to be a child based on its small size.

MA2206 (FEY10): 940826 S1 (Skeleton1), W4-W7 North, Sector I, Grid XLV-54 (GG) Provisional Layer 27, Assyrian IIIc. Room 153 belongs to one of the burnt architectural complexes that were excavated from Sectors 0, I, XXI, and XXII, and it is associated with the other burnt rooms dating to the Assyrian Colony period. Human skeletons were found between the exit of Room 153 and Wall 6 (Kaman-Kalehöyük Field Notes 1994).

MA2208-09 (FEY12): 940826, S2 (skeleton 2), North, Sector I, Grid XLV-54 (GG), Assyrian IIIc. The sample comes from the same location as MA2206 above. There were 2 additional skeletons (S3 and S4) found here for a total of 4 individuals. They are thought to represent an opposing group fighting the individuals in Room 153. The skeletons fell on top of one other. They were not damaged by the fire.

S1.5.2 Ovaören excavations (Nevşehir, Turkey)

*Prof. Dr. Süleyman Yücel Şenyurt, Gazi University, Faculty of Arts, Department of Archaeology, Ankara/Turkey

The multi-period archaeological site of Ovaören site is located in the Nevşehir Province, 20 km south of the Kızılırmak River. The site measures ~500 by ~350 m and consists of three areas main: Yassıhöyük (mound), Topakhöyük (mound), and its large terrace settlement (Fig. S2).

The main mound of Yassıhöyük was enclosed by a city wall 1250 m long during the Late Bronze Age (~1650–1150 BCE) and Middle Iron Age (~950–550 BCE). The Middle Iron Age layers represent a center in the region known as Tabal and belong to the Neo-Hittite cultural sphere (101). Later settlement on the mound dates to the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman periods, but remains of these periods are mostly scanty.

Excavations conducted in 2013 on the terrace settlement beneath Topakhöyük revealed a number of skeletons in trench GT-137 from an Early Bronze Age context. The trench held 5 m of cultural deposit divided into 6 layers. Although no architectural evidence dated to the Middle Bronze Age was detected in the topmost layer (I), some trace of occupation was indicated by thrash pits that had been sunk into the Early Bronze strata from above. Two stone cist graves (M3 and M4) were found below 30 cm of cultural fill of layer I. Both lacked a cover slab, were empty, and probably robbed (102).

Layer II of GT-137 is represented by architectural remains as well as a mixture of Middle Bronze Age and Early Bronze Age pottery.

Layer III of GT-137 is characterized by large ash pits and scattered stones, especially at the eastern end of the trench, probably constituting a dump. An interesting feature in layer III was a planned cesspit 2 m wide by 2.5 m deep with an inner face created by a single line of stones. Finds, such as a tankard, depas amphikypellon, and sherds of wheel-made plates as well as Syrian Bottles date the stratum to the Early Bronze Age III

Layer IV of GT-137 likewise dates to Early Bronze Age IIIa based on architectural remains and finds, such as a bronze toggle pin, wheel-made plates, Syrian Bottles, and depas amphikypellon.

Layer V of GT-137 was the richest in terms of architectural finds and dates to the Early Bronze Age II. In this layer, 2 different structures and a well were uncovered. The well was filled with stones, pottery, and human skeletons (Figs. S2 and S3). In total, skeletons belonging to 22 individuals, including adults, young adults, and children, must belong to the disturbed Early Bronze Age II graves adjacent to the well (103). Pottery and stones found below the skeletons demonstrate that the water well was consciously filled and closed. The fill consists of dumped stones, sherds and skeletons, and the closing stones demonstrate that the water well was consciously filled and cancelled.

Samples from Ovaören-Topakhöyük:

MA2210: G-137, the well of layer V, individual no. 12.
MA2212: G-137, the well of layer V, individual no. 2.
MA2213: G-137, the well of layer V, individual no. 10.



Вкратце: ни у одного образца из Анатолии нет радиоуглеродной датировки, все датировки даны по культурным остаткам. Большинство образцов либо дохеттские, либо постхеттские(эллинистические и османские). Только два образца,  MA2200-01(J2a1) и MA2203-04, могут быть отнесены к хеттскому периоду.

Оффлайн mikhail a.

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один G2a оказался хеттом. Нема степнящины  в бронзе Анатолии в период расцвета тамошних ИЕ. В то время в каждой из групп степняков будь то ямники или андроновцы в наличие "кавказско-анатолийские" примеси. Похоже конец истории с  поиском прародины ИЕ в степях причерноморья 
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2018/05/08/science.aar7711.DC1/aar7711_de_Barros_Damgaard_SM.pdf

Не на слухи надо полагаться, а читать дополнительные материалы: тут только один образец с G2a:
Anatolia_MLBA   MA2208   G-M3317   G-M406   G2a2b1

Смотрим в дополнительные материалы про этого товарища:

The Middle Bronze Age at Kaman-Kalehöyük represented by stratum IIIc yields material remains (seals and ceramics) contemporary with the international trade system managed by expatriate Assyrian merchants evidenced at the nearby site of Kültepe/Kanesh. It is therefore also referred to as belonging to the “Assyrian Colony Period” (98). The stratum has revealed three burned architectural units, and it has been suggested that the seemingly site-wide conflagration might be connected to a destruction event linked with the emergence of the Old Hittite state (99). The first burned architectural unit includes Rooms 148, 150, 298, 305, and 306. The second includes Room 153 and 208. The two units were excavated between 1994 and 2003. The third unit includes Room 367 and 370 and was excavated in 2004. Omura (100) suggests that the rooms could belong to a public building, and that it might even be a small trade center based on the types of artifacts recovered. Omura (100) has concluded that the evidence from the first complex indicates a battle between 2 groups took place at the site. It is possible that a group died inside the buildings, mostly perishing in the fire, while another group died in the courtyard.

MA2208-09 (FEY12): 940826, S2 (skeleton 2), North, Sector I, Grid XLV-54 (GG), Assyrian IIIc. The sample comes from the same location as MA2206 above. There were 2 additional skeletons (S3 and S4) found here for a total of 4 individuals. They are thought to represent an opposing group fighting the individuals in Room 153. The skeletons fell on top of one other. They were not damaged by the fire.

Из описания не следует что это был хетт. С такой же вероятностью это мог быть ассирийский торговец.
Сам по себе период ассирийских торговых колоний ни о чем не говорит, так как ассирийцы жили обособленно в своих торговых колониях в окружении аборигенов. Важно в каком именно археологическом контексте находился образец. Из описания я так и не понял, предполагается ли тут ассирийский колонист, что имхо менее вероятно в силу их относительно меньшей численности, или местный анатолийский житель.

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